This illustration represents the core bio-refinery concept behind LignoChemi’s technology: the selective extraction, modification, and upgrading of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass into high-value functional materials.
The process begins with biomass feedstock containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) system, the biomass is treated under controlled heating conditions (approximately 120°C). This step selectively solubilizes lignin while preserving cellulose-rich fractions, enabling efficient component separation.
Following dissolution, the mixture undergoes filtration, separating solid cellulose-rich materials from the lignin-containing liquid phase. A controlled ethanol–water system is then introduced to precipitate and purify lignin. Subsequent rotary evaporation allows solvent recovery and reuse, significantly improving process sustainability and cost efficiency.
The extracted lignin is further filtered, dried, and stabilized to produce a consistent, high-purity lignin fraction. This DES-extracted lignin exhibits enhanced functional group availability and controlled molecular structure, making it highly suitable for chemical modification and formulation into industrial additives.
At LignoChemi, this refined lignin serves as the platform material for producing bio-based antioxidant additives for lubricants. Through downstream chemical modification, the natural polyphenolic structure of lignin is optimized to deliver strong radical scavenging performance, thermal stability, and compatibility with lubricant formulations.
This process reflects LignoChemi’s philosophy of circular and scalable green chemistry—transforming underutilized biomass streams into market-ready industrial products. The integration of solvent recovery, selective extraction, and controlled processing ensures both environmental responsibility and industrial viability, positioning the technology for scale-up within European bio-refinery and chemical manufacturing ecosystems.
This figure presents UV–Visible absorption spectra of lignin samples extracted and modified using different deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems, illustrating the chemical basis of LignoChemi’s antioxidant technology.
The strong absorption bands observed in the 200–300 nm range are characteristic of lignin’s aromatic phenolic structures, which are responsible for its antioxidant behavior. These peaks arise from π–π* electronic transitions in aromatic rings and n–π* transitions associated with phenolic hydroxyl groups. Such features indicate a high concentration of radical-scavenging functional groups, which are critical for preventing oxidative degradation in lubricant formulations.
Differences in absorption intensity and peak shape among the samples (e.g., ChCl–Lac, ChCl–FA, ChCl–MA, ChCl–CA, and ChCl–TsOH lignins) reflect how various DES chemistries influence lignin’s molecular structure, degree of depolymerization, and functional group availability. For example, samples showing higher absorbance and broader shoulders around 280–320 nm suggest enhanced phenolic content and extended conjugation, both of which correlate with improved antioxidant efficiency and thermal stability.
The gradual decrease in absorbance at higher wavelengths (above 350 nm) indicates controlled molecular weight distribution and reduced chromophoric aggregation, which is desirable for producing stable, formulation-compatible additives without excessive coloration or instability.
At LignoChemi, this type of spectroscopic analysis is a key part of our R&D and quality control workflow. By correlating UV–Vis profiles with oxidation stability tests and field performance, we select and optimize lignin fractions that deliver consistent antioxidant behavior in demanding applications such as marine lubricants, wind turbine oils, and industrial fluids.
This figure demonstrates the scientific foundation behind LignoChemi’s product development, showing how controlled bio-refinery processing translates directly into measurable performance advantages in sustainable lubricant additives.
This figure illustrates the antioxidant activity of LignoChemi’s modified lignin materials using the well-established DPPH radical scavenging assay, a standard method for evaluating free-radical inhibition performance.
Panel (a) depicts the chemical mechanism of the assay, where the stable purple DPPH• radical is reduced to its non-radical form (DPPH-H) upon interaction with hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The visible color change from deep purple to pale yellow, measured at 517 nm, directly reflects the radical-scavenging capacity of the tested lignin-based materials.
Panel (b) shows the DPPH free radical scavenging ratio (%) as a function of concentration for lignins processed with different deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems. The results demonstrate a clear dose-dependent antioxidant response, with several lignin samples exhibiting high scavenging efficiency at relatively low concentrations. This behavior confirms the effectiveness of LignoChemi’s controlled lignin modification strategy in enhancing phenolic hydrogen-donating sites.
Panel (c) compares the IC₅₀ values (the concentration required to neutralize 50% of DPPH radicals) across different lignin variants and benchmark antioxidants. Lower IC₅₀ values indicate stronger antioxidant activity. Certain DES-modified lignins show IC₅₀ values approaching or outperforming conventional synthetic antioxidants such as BHT, highlighting their competitive performance.
For LignoChemi, these results are critical in translating laboratory chemistry into commercially viable antioxidant additives. The strong radical-scavenging performance demonstrated here directly correlates with improved oxidative stability in lubricant systems, particularly under high-temperature and long-drain conditions.
This figure validates the scientific and technical foundation of LignoChemi’s bio-based additives, supporting their positioning as renewable, high-performance alternatives to fossil-based antioxidants for industrial lubricant applications in European and global markets.
Overview This graph illustrates the ultraviolet (UV) transmittance spectra of various Lignichemi lignin-based formulations (e.g., ChCl-Lac, ChCl-MA, ChCl-TsOH). It provides quantitative evidence that our bio-additives offer superior protection against harmful UV radiation, a key factor in extending the lifespan of lubricants and polymers.
Technical Breakdown
The X-Axis (Wavelength nm): Represents the light spectrum, divided into three critical UV zones: UVC (200–280 nm), UVB (280–320 nm), and UVA (320–400 nm), transitioning into the visible light spectrum (>400 nm).
The Y-Axis (Transmittance %): Indicates how much light passes through the material. A lower percentage means higher blocking capability. 0% transmittance equals 100% protection.
Key Findings from the Data
Near-Zero Transmittance in UVC & UVB: All Lignichemi variants demonstrate <1% transmittance across the UVC and UVB regions (up to ~320 nm). This confirms that the inherent phenolic structure of our lignin effectively absorbs high-energy radiation, preventing it from degrading the substrate material.
High UVA Protection: In the UVA range (320–400 nm), the samples maintain low transmittance. For instance, the ChCl-TsOH lignin (Yellow line) shows exceptional performance, maintaining near-zero transmittance even into the visible spectrum, making it ideal for heavy-duty industrial applications where maximum protection is prioritized over transparency.
Tunable Optical Properties: The divergence of the lines (Purple vs. Yellow) in the visible spectrum (>400 nm) demonstrates our ability to tune the formulation.
Purple Line (ChCl-Lac): Higher transparency in visible light, suitable for applications requiring clarity.
Yellow Line (ChCl-TsOH): Maximum blocking, suitable for dark oils or bitumen.
Value Proposition for Lignichemi For the lubricant and coating industries, Photo-Oxidation (degradation caused by light) is a major cause of failure alongside thermal oxidation. This data proves that Lignichemi’s product is a Multifunctional Additive:
It acts as a Radical Scavenger (Antioxidant).
It acts as a Natural UV Filter, eliminating the need for expensive, synthetic UV stabilizers.
Overview This graph represents the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of various Lignichemi lignin formulations extracted using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) (e.g., Choline Chloride with Lactic Acid, Formic Acid, etc.).
Think of this as the “DNA” or “ID Card” of our product. It confirms that our proprietary extraction process successfully isolates high-purity lignin while preserving the specific functional groups responsible for antioxidant activity and lubrication performance.
Technical Breakdown (The “Why It Works” for Investors)
The “Antioxidant Powerhouse” Peak (3400–3450 cm⁻¹):
Observation: The broad, deep valleys you see on the far left (around 3428 cm⁻¹) represent O-H stretching vibrations (Hydroxyl groups).
Significance: This is the most critical feature for Lignichemi. Phenolic hydroxyl groups are the active sites that capture free radicals. The intensity of these peaks scientifically proves that our lignin is rich in antioxidant capabilities, making it a potent substitute for synthetic additives like BHT.
The “Structural Skeleton” Peaks (1600–1400 cm⁻¹):
Observation: The sharp peaks in the middle range (1608 cm⁻¹, 1510 cm⁻¹, 1460 cm⁻¹) correspond to Aromatic Skeletal Vibrations.
Significance: These peaks confirm that the core aromatic ring structure of the lignin has remained intact during our green extraction process. Unlike harsh extraction methods that destroy the polymer, our method preserves the robust backbone needed for thermal stability in lubricants.
The “Tunability” Proof (Variation in Lines):
Observation: You will notice slight variations in peak intensities between the different colored lines (e.g., ChCl-TsOH vs. ChCl-Lac).
Significance: This demonstrates Lignichemi’s Platform Technology. By changing the eco-friendly solvent (acid type), we can “tune” the chemical surface of the lignin.
Need better solubility in oil? We use the recipe creating the ChCl-FA profile.
Need higher thermal resistance? We use the ChCl-TsOH profile.
Overview This infographic summarizes Lignichemi’s entire value chain. It demonstrates our proprietary “Green Extraction” process (top half) and validates the superior antioxidant performance of the resulting product (bottom half). It proves that we can convert low-value biomass into high-purity, high-performance additives efficiently.
1. The Green Production Process (Top Half) This section illustrates our eco-friendly manufacturing capability.
Input: We start with renewable biomass (e.g., bamboo, wood waste).
The “Secret Sauce” (DES Extraction): We use Deep Eutectic Solvents (Choline Chloride + Organic Acids) at mild conditions (120°C, 3h). This is a low-energy, non-toxic alternative to traditional sulfur-based pulping.
Double Revenue Stream (Zero Waste): The filtration step separates the output into two marketable products:
Cellulose-rich materials (Top row vials): High delignification rates (up to 86.38%) mean we produce clean cellulose suitable for paper, textiles, or biofuels.
Regenerated Lignin (Bottom row vials): Our core product. We achieve impressive purity levels of up to 87.31%. This high purity is critical for high-end lubricant applications.
2. Data-Driven Optimization (Bottom Left – Heatmap)
The Matrix: This correlation heatmap (red and blue ellipses) shows that we understand the molecular mechanics of our product.
The Insight: It reveals the strong relationship between Total Phenolic Content and Radical Scavenging Activity (IC50). This proves that our extraction process is scientifically optimized to maximize the specific chemical groups (phenols) responsible for protecting engines. We aren’t guessing; we are engineering the molecule.
3. Performance Validation (Bottom Right – Graphs) These charts compare the Radical Scavenging Rate (efficacy) of different Lignichemi formulations against standard benchmarks.
DPPH & ABTS Assays: These are the gold standards for measuring antioxidant power.
The Curves: The upward trajectories show that as concentration increases, the protective power increases rapidly.
Superior Efficacy: Look at the Cyan Line (ChCl-TsOH) in the ABTS graph (far right). It reaches near 100% scavenging rate at relatively low concentrations. This confirms that specific formulations of Lignichemi are incredibly potent, potentially outperforming standard synthetic antioxidants.
Overview This bar chart compares the performance of six different Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) formulations (Choline Chloride mixed with Lactic, Acetic, Formic, Malic, Citric, and p-Toluenesulfonic acids) in extracting lignin from biomass.
It measures three critical KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) for any biorefinery:
Delignification Rate (Green Bars): How effectively we remove lignin from the biomass.
Lignin Yield (Blue Bars): How much lignin we actually recover.
Purity of Lignin (Orange Bars): How clean the final product is.
Technical Breakdown (The Data Story)
The “High-Yield” Champion (ChCl-TsOH):
Observation: Look at the far right group (ChCl-TsOH). The Green (Delignification) and Blue (Yield) bars are significantly higher than the others (labeled ‘a’).
Significance: This solvent is the most aggressive and efficient, achieving over 85% delignification and the highest yield (>50%). This is ideal for bulk industrial applications where volume is the priority.
The “High-Purity” Standard (ChCl-FA, ChCl-CA, ChCl-Lac):
Observation: Look at the Orange bars for the first few groups. They consistently hit near 90% purity (labeled ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘a’).
Significance: While ChCl-TsOH gives high volume, it sacrifices purity (dropping to ~70%). The other acids (like Formic or Lactic acid) maintain extremely high purity. For high-end lubricants, purity is king. High purity prevents sludge formation in engines. This proves Lignichemi can produce pharmaceutical-grade or technical-grade lignin.
Process Tunability:
Insight: The variation across the chart proves that Lignichemi possesses a Flexible Technology Platform. We are not locked into one method.
Scenario A (Cost-sensitive market): Use ChCl-TsOH for maximum output.
Scenario B (Performance-sensitive market): Use ChCl-CA or ChCl-FA for maximum purity.
Overview
This schematic illustrates Lignichemi’s potential to utilize Kraft Lignin—the most abundant industrial lignin byproduct generated by paper mills. It demonstrates our ability to take “Black Liquor” (a waste stream usually burned) and, through controlled precipitation, separate it into specific “Lignin Fractions” with targeted biological activities.
Technical Breakdown (The Value Chain)
Feedstock Sourcing (Top Left – The Tree & Kraft Process):
The Source: The process begins with the “Kraft Process” used by the paper industry. This produces “Black Liquor,” a dark, toxic by-product.
Lignichemi’s Role: Instead of letting this waste be burned for low-value heat, Lignichemi intervenes to capture the lignin. This highlights a Circular Economy model where we partner with paper mills.
The Core Technology (Middle – Fractionation):
Controlled Precipitation: The arrow labeled “Controlled precipitation” is the key. We don’t just use raw lignin; we refine it.
Lignin Fractions: The hexagonal structure represents the isolation of specific molecular weights (Mw) of lignin. By controlling pH and yield, we obtain distinct “fractions” or types of lignin, rather than a generic mix.
Tunable Bioactivity (The Output):
Antioxidant Activity (Right – Cuvette):
The Visual: The cuvette shows “Oxygen radicals” being neutralized ($\Delta$abs).
The Business Case: This directly supports your Lubricant Additive product line. It proves that this specific fraction of lignin is effective at stopping oxidation in engines.
Biomedical Potential (Left – Petri Dish):
The Visual: Shows inhibition of “Bacteria” and effect on “Tumour cells.”
The Upside: This reveals Lignichemi’s Future Roadmap. Beyond industrial lubricants, your technology has the potential to expand into high-margin pharmaceutical or hygienic coating markets (Antitumour, Antibacterial).
The Optimization Spectrum (Bottom Bar):
The Logic: The gradient bar at the bottom is the “Control Panel.” It shows that by adjusting pH and Molecular Weight (Mw), we can shift the product’s function from being a simple Antioxidant (Green zone) to a complex Antitumour/Antibacterial agent (Purple zone).
